Preparing and Facilitating A Successful Debate Essay

Preparing and delivering a successful debate requires a group of people to work together effectively as a team. Team processes and preparation and public speaking skills are both equally important key factors for success in debating as team processes involved in preparation for debate, such as group personality composition that creates cohesion and synergy and group norms that enhance the group’s ability to work together, equip the team to work effectively therefore improving performance however if team members are unable to deliver an argument to an audience with confidence due to communication apprehension, the speaker’s credibility will be lessened therefore the message will be less persuasive and the intended communication goal may†¦show more content†¦When cohesion and synergy are achieved team performance and group effectiveness are increased. Barrick et al (1998: 382) argues that this is because cohesion and synergy improve communication, conflict reso lution and distribution of workload. Tyler et al (2005: 225) explain the positive effects that synergy has on group effectiveness by stating that ‘highly cohesive groups have a strong structure because their members are highly committed to the group and cooperate to preserve it’. Tyler et al (2005: 225) go on to state that cohesion improves group effectiveness as higher levels of commitment by team members is favourable to achieving higher levels of performance and that cohesion allows team members to concentrate on performance rather than group conflict. Barrick et al (1998: 380) furthers the argument that conscientiousness is a trait that leads to synergy and group effectiveness by suggesting that conscientiousness enables each team member to contribute more to the team performance therefore encouraging better results. The fact that group personality traits such as cooperation, agreeableness, conscientiousness, achievement motivation and helpfulness lead to cohesio n and synergy and improved groupShow MoreRelatedNot Just Your Typical FarmerS Daughter. My First Step1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe students would miss out on the great things I had to say and I would not have educated or stirred enlightenment in them. Stars cannot shine without darkness and likewise, we cannot grow without change. Every obstacle is building strength and preparing me for the future. Kathryn Leadership Fife is my name. 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Apple Globalization Essay - 983 Words

1. What is meant by the globalization of human capital? Is this inevitable as firms increase their global operations? The globalization of human capital refers to the fact that employees are now being spread out across world by their employers. With them they take their manual skilled labor, knowledge, experiences and beliefs. As more and more companies expand and become global companies it is inevitable that they will send good qualified workers to oversee the operations overseas. 2. How does this case illustrate the threats and opportunities facing global companies in developing their strategies? The threat facing Apple was the negative image it had after President Obama’s inquiry on outsourced jobs. This gave the perception that†¦show more content†¦Apple has obligations to their employees both domestic and global. They need to be mindful that a corporation is only as good as its products as well as, its image. They need to be mindful that since its headquarters are in the United States, it should do all that it can to maintain a positive image. It is also important to make sure that the products they sell are quality products while keeping the price as low as possible. Foxconn has a stake in its people and the products they export. The unfair and inhumane working conditions forced the government to step in. Foxconn also needs to be mindful of the issues presented previously for Apple (the difference they are headquartered in China). The fact that labor violations were taking place, China’s government had an obligations to its people. They need to pro tect their citizens from hazardous work conditions and hold Foxconn accountable for their actions. 5. How much extra are you prepared to pay for an IPhone if assembled in the United States? Personally I feel that the IPhone is already over price as is. The fact that they make $321 of profit off each phone is ridiculous. 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Evidence Based Public Health

Question: Discuss about the Evidence Based Public Health. Answer: Introduction: Immunization is an effective strategy to combat key disease that affects children and improve their survival rate. Despite the immunization drive, many children from low- and middle income countries (LMICs) do not have access to full vaccine coverage according to national routine immunization schedule. Based on this problem, the Cochrane review article focussed on interventions for improving the childhood immunization coverage in LMICS. It purposes was to evaluate the methods taken by countries to improve childhood immunization coverage. The Cochrane researchers searched different clinical trials and selected studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials (nRCTs), controlled-before-after studies (CBA) and interrupted time series (ITS) to evaluate the immunization coverage strategy. It identified why several countries still die from disease even though vaccines could be used to avoid death. A number of reasons exist for this and the rationale for th is review was to find ways by which maximum number of children is protected from disease by vaccination. The rationale for intervention strategy was that giving information to community members about vaccination, identifying children who has not been vaccinated through home visit and handing out vaccination reminder cards would be an useful approach to increase vaccine coverage among children. To bridge the gap and to realize a full potential of the immunization procedure a systematic intervention plan is the need of the hour. In this summary an evaluation of the effect of myriads of strategies to raise the count of children in LMICs for the prevention of disease was done by analyzing 14 relevant studies to envision a world where children will enjoy the right to live life free from diseases which are vaccine preventable. The aim of the review is to analyze the efficiency of strategies to augment and to increase childhood immunization coverage in these LMICs. Four individually randomized trials which were controlled and ten RCT cluster which met the inclusion criteria were used for the purpose of this review which were conducted in Nicaragua, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Georgia, Mexico, Honduras, India, Pakistan, Mali and Nepal. The PICOT table based on the selection criteria for considering studies for the purpose of this review is enlisted below PICOT Criteria P Population 1. Children who were under five received recommended WHO vaccines through regular childhood immunization. 2. Childrens caregivers who were receiving through regular immunization services for childhood. 3. Administration of vaccines by health care workers through childhood services in immunization. 4. As well as combination of all these. I Interventions Interventions 1. Following are the interventions under recipient oriented approach : i) Improving the communication regarding childhood immunization as cited by Willis in 2013: a) Educate; b) recall; c) skill teaching; d) provision of support; e) enhancing making of decision; f ) communication; g) boost ownership of community; h) vaccination requirement meet for entry in school; i) Utilizing recipient incentives. 2. Provider-oriented interventions, for example: ii) Training and education for providers 3. Interventions in health system, : i) Quality of service improvement ii)Outreach programmes iii) expanded services iv) Higher budgets for immunization; v) Services which integrated immunization with other services; 4. Multi-faceted combining the above interventions 5. Other C Comparison group Standardized practices in immunization in the study set up which means different or similar interventions which were implemented by applying varying degrees of stength. O Outcome of interest Primary outcomes 1. Children receiving DTP3 by one year of age. 2. Recommended vaccines received by children by two years of age. Secondary outcomes 1. Children who obtained the vaccine under the study which was conducted. 2.Under the age of five, the number of children who were completely immunized with all vaccines which were scheduled 3. Vaccine preventable disease occurrence 4. Cost of intervention 5. Adverse events following immunization (AEFI). 6. Caregivers and clients attitudes towards immunization (Oyo Ita et al., 2012). The review citing WHO 2012 report showed that the key criteria for minimization of bias were done by strictly adhering to Cochrane guidelines. Two researchers applied the EPOCs (Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of care) risk of bias criteria for the selected studies to determine the risk of bias in the study. All disagreements were resolved by consensus and risk of bias was classified into low risk, unclear risk or high risk. The risk of bias was presented for each included study. The reviewers decided that if all criteria prescribed by EPOC was met, then it will be categorized as low risk of bias and if one or more criteria remained unclear, then no score will be given. The criteria required by EPOC included clear outcome data, hiding outcome assessors, allocation concealment, protection against contamination, independence of intervention and affect on data collection (Oyo Ita et al., 2012). The interventions are broadly classified in to four approaches as per the figure. Figure 1 showing the different intervention to maximize immunization coverage The Cochrane review first summarized the efforts taken by WHO to maximize immunization drive and then gave details on effect of vaccination coverage strategy on different people. World Health Organization (WHO) was responsible for launching the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 1974 after the successful eradication of small pox as cited by Wiysonge in 2013. The number of children receiving doses three times of diptheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) is used as a scale to gauge the performance of EPI programmes. This programme promises to put a stop to 2.5 million children deaths from tuberculous meningitis and poliomyelitis. In spite of this, every year over a million children especially in the LMICs fail to receive the full vaccine course prescribed in the immunization national routine schedule. The WHO strived for a commendable achievement in curbing the death toll of children all over the world in preventing diseases which falls under the prevention by EPI. However, as cited by WHO 2015, globally children 18.7 million under one year of age were not vaccinated in 2014 with DTP3 where 57% -70 % of the number fall in ten such LMICs in African and South East Asian countries respectively. Progress of immunization coverage of DTP3 in these countries is very slow even though it reported 86% coverage globally in 2014 as cited by UNICEF in 2015. A well-structured decision about what interventions might work by analyzing scientific evidence will help to attain the desired outcomes in these countries (Oyo Ita et al., 2012). The WHO 2012 report highlighted that studies carried out in India and Pakistan under health education carried out an information campaign in India involving poster distribution and audiotape messages and targeted pictorial messages were provided in Pakistan in the form of leaflets as cited by Andersson in 2009. Three more studies were done in Nepal and Pakistan in providing health education at a facility. Under Monetary incentive intervention, cash transfer in Mexico was a provision if the conditions such as receiving regular immunization, monitoring growth and attendance of mothers in hygiene, health and nutrition education programs were met. In Nicaragua, a monthly cash transfer for food security based on the condition on attending workshops in health educations. In Zimbabwe, a cash transfer of 18 US Dollars per every household was proposed and if anyone had child below 18 years with no birth certificate, then they has to apply for it within three months. Also, by the reminder type card of immunization provision two such studies were evaluated. In Georgia, provider oriented intervention was observed were supportive supervision in a continuous manner as well as various tools for immunization were developed. In home visits program in Ghana, under graduate students conducted the visits to aim for the non-immunized children and referring them to health centers as cited by Brugha in 1996. Integrating various services like measures to prevent malaria and immunization were clubbed to assess the effects was shown by Dicko in 2011. In Honduras, as cited by Morris in 2004, a multifaceted approach set up a quality assurance teams in health centers which worked out a plan to include structural repairs, equipment purchase, drugs and materials at the centers. The aim of the QA training was to ensure that the quality of services is met by optimum utilization of services (Oyo Ita et al., 2012). The interventions shown in the figure were basically implemented as single interventions or as multi-faceted interventions. As per the review, with a moderate certainty it can be said that vaccination discussion with parents and giving information to members of the community at meeting in villages or home improve the coverage of immunization. Monetary incentives (which are in the form of various conditions of cash transfers as well as vouchers) may have very minimal effect. Also, with low certainty, provision of reminder type immunization card to parents combined with information regarding importance of vaccination may improve the coverage. Home visits, regular outreach programs of immunization by integrating with other health care services such as malaria treatment can also aid in immunization coverage although with low certainty (Oyo Ita et al., 2012). The type of interventions that was implemented in the study included recipient-oriented interventions, provider oriented interventions, health system interventions, multi-faceted interventions and other type of interventions to improve vaccine coverage in selected population. Recepient oriented intervention intended to improve communication about childhood immunization through education, teaching skills, facilitating decision, meeting vaccination requirement for school entry and using recipient incentives. The aim of provider oriented intervention was to reduce missed chance of childhood vaccination by auditing and giving feedback and giving health education. Health systems interventions targeted at improving quality of services by improving cold storage system, vaccine stock management and arranging for transport of vaccination materials. It aimed to expand services and arrange school immunization programme and door to door vaccine promotion. Other forms of interventions also helped to improve immunization coverage in selected countries (Oyo Ita et al., 2012). The current analysis of the evidence provides that the likelihood of the consequences of the interventions will vary widely; hence it offers scope for future research to evaluate: The participant reminding and recall suitable interventions which are effective in all countries. The adoption of community based health strategies such as mass campaigns instead of facility based which has shown more promise (Hall et al., 2014). Multifaceted intervention and provider oriented ones for improving childhood immunization coverage. Regulation to make entry in school compulsory to increase coverage. Incentive provision program for providers of vaccination. An action plan for immunization coverage and reduction of disease. This may include measuring sustainability such as integrating into routine service related to immunization, interventions with long term impact and incidence of the targeted diseases. Secondly, the effectiveness of cost of the interventions for different strategies (Machingaidze et al., 2013). Certain gaps in the study were also identified by Cochrane review. From the interventions which were tested in the review dont give a clear understanding whether they were tested in recognizable hindrance. The interventions studies varied considerably in their delivery which naturally raises questions regarding the credibility of its impact in different setting. For example, questions such as how likely it is that a short health education campaign be effective in improving the immunization schedule. How much effective an evidence based approach in a low literacy setting. How much likely that provision of monetary perks will work in an area with poor resource setting. As per Wiysonge et al., (2012), home visits may prove to be effective to deliver vaccine, but the use of college students or workers in community health may not be feasible in a resource deficit area. The wider applicability of this evidenced based research is difficult to explore due to discrepancy in identifying the po tential barriers. The varied diversity as well as contextual differenced make it difficult to provide long term implications. Secondly, referring children to immunization requires that the vaccination center be nearby and hence this type of intervention may not work where the centers are not in walking distance. There is lack of data on the interventions sustainability presented in this review, because none of the studies included in this review, reported long-term following up of data (Wiysonge et al., 2015). An estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year are averted from diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough (Pertussis) and measles. However, unfortunate 1.5 million deaths could be undone if immunization cover increases. To improve the childhood immunization coverage in LMIC, providing parents and the community as a whole with information, education in health in combination with reminder card of immunization, various outreach programmes with or without monetary benefits, visits at home, integrating immunization with other may prove to enhance the overall childhood immunization coverage in Low and middle income countries. But it should be kept in mind that the interventions were reported with a low certainty and most of the setting specific criteria needs to be considered as these interventions will be substantially differ in different areas. A thoroughly conducted RCT to fully assess the effects of interventions has to be undertaken. References Oyo Ita, A., Nwachukwu, C. E., Oringanje, C., Meremikwu, M. M. (2012). Cochrane Review: Interventions for improving coverage of child immunization in low and middle income countries.Evidence Based Child Health: A Cochrane Review Journal,7(3), 959-1012. Machingaidze, S., Rehfuess, E., von Kries, R., Hussey, G. D., Wiysonge, C. S. (2013). Understanding interventions for improving routine immunization coverage in children in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol.Systematic reviews,2(1), 1. Wiysonge, C. S., Young, T., Kredo, T., McCaul, M., Volmink, J. (2015). Interventions for improving childhood vaccination coverage in low-and middle-income countries.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,105(11), 892-893. Wiysonge, C. S., Uthman, O. A., Ndumbe, P. M., Hussey, G. D. (2012). Individual and contextual factors associated with low childhood immunisation coverage in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis.PLoS One,7(5), e37905. Hall, C. S., Fottrell, E., Wilkinson, S., Byass, P. (2014). Assessing the impact of mHealth interventions in low-and middle-income countrieswhat has been shown to work?.Global health action,7.

Descriptive Statistics Paper free essay sample

Descripitive Statistics Paper Descriptive Statistics Paper Laura L. Mason, Becky Matlock, and Nichole Noble RES/341 June 15, 2011 David Morrisson Descriptive Statistics Paper Major League Baseball is known as America’s favorite pastime, and MLB teams spend an extensive amount of money in the excess of a billion dollars with the ultimate goal to win the World Series. This learning team’s focus throughout this descriptive statistics paper is the MLB players’ performances, salaries, salary caps, and winning percentages. Though salaries will by no means be a trade for wins, the goal is to use the less experienced players and pay them a lower salary. Research has been done on whether or not player’s salaries and wins are connected. While examining the data collected, team A will conclude their discoveries based on but not limited to the use of data analysis using descriptive statistics. The basic features of data in studies are the descriptions of descriptive statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Statistics Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They supply straightforward summaries pertaining to the measures and samples. Combined with straightforward graphics analysis, descriptive statistics outline the foundation of each quantitative analysis of data. The research conducted by team A provides confirmation in the connection between wins and salaries within a MLB team’s season. Information indicates the baseball teams with top pay provided variety within the team’s line-up than teams with low pay. The New York Yankees had the highest payroll in 2005 and Tampa Bay had the lowest. Yankee players Jorge Posada, Derek Jeter, Alex Rodriquez, Hideki Matsui, and Jason Giambi contributed to the 0. 586 winning percentage. The histogram shows percentage of the salary ranges from the lowest salary of $95,000,000 to the highest salary of $205,000,000. Team A’s research question was regarding whether or not a higher salary would make a team have a higher winning percentage. The MLB data sheet provides information from 2005 about all 30 teams. The information consists of what league they are in, the year of erection of each stadium, capacity of each stadium, salary of the team, wins for the season, attendance, batting average, earned run average (ERA), home runs (HR), and stolen bases (SB). As stated previously the 2005 New York Yankees had the highest salary at $208,306,817. 00. However, they were not the most winning team in baseball that year. That title was awarded to the St. Louis Cardinals, who had a 100 win season and weren’t even in the top five salaries for 2005. Therefore, having a higher salary does not mean that a team will have the most wins. When looking at the overall statistics of the 30 MLB teams, having a higher salary does tend to show that on average the statistics are generally higher. Although the New York Yankees did not have the most wins in baseball, they did have a low ERA and a high number of homeruns. This research and data set provided Team A with information on the 30 MLB teams for 2005; however, to see whether or not a team’s salary affects their win percentage we would need to view this information over a longer period. The team that has won the most baseball Word Series titles is the New York Yankees and it is not even close. The Bronx Bombers have won World Series title 26 times since they became a professional ball club way back in 1903. Their last World Series title was in 2000. They are the winningest franchise in all sports in North America (Electro-Mech Scoreboard Company, 2009). This data provides Team A with a great snapshot of the 2005 season, but to make a determination we would need to examine the information over a longer period. Reference Baseball Almanac (2005) Baseball Almanac Year in Review: Year-by-Year Baseball History. Retrieved from www. baseball-alamanac. com Electro-Mech Scoreboard Company. (2009, April 29). Team That’s Won The Most World Series Titles. Retrieved from http://www. electro-mech. com/team-sports/baseball/team-that%E2%80%99s-won-the-